Therefore, it is less traumatic when compared with the open skull surgery in the skull base procedure. The light source and camera enter through one nostril, and the grinding wheel passes through the other nostril, which is used to grind the bone for access to the disease site in the skull base for brain surgery. This approach uses the nostrils as natural corridors to directly access the tumor, without the need for large incisions, as shown in Figure 1a. In recent years, the endoscopic endonasal approach, which is a minimally invasive skull base surgery procedure, has been widely applied in order to access the disease sites deep inside the brain. At a certain spindle speed, a lower depth of cut and feed rate help to reduce the grinding temperature and force. A high spindle speed would make the temperature rise to a certain extent however, it significantly reduces the grinding force. The results indicate that the effect of the cutting depth on the grinding temperature and normal force is the largest, while the effect of the spindle speed on the tangential force is the largest. The experimental results have been statistically analyzed using the range and variance analysis methods in order to determine the importance order of the process parameters. An orthogonal experimental design with a standard orthogonal array, L 9 (3 3), is selected with each parameter in three levels. This study investigates the effect of grinding process parameters (including the depth of cut, feed rate, and spindle speed) on the bone grinding performance using temperature and force measurement sensors in order to optimize the grinding process. Heat and force are generated during the grinding process, which may cause thermal and mechanical damage to the adjacent tissues. Bone grinding is an important procedure in the expanded endonasal approach for removing the cranial bone and access to the skull base tumor via nasal corridor. This study investigates the effect of process parameters on neurosurgical bone grinding performance using a miniature surgical diamond wheel.
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